A Scoping Review on Stoichiometry of CCTO with Doping Process for Improvement of Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Abstract

The small size and great efficiency of Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) make them essential parts of contemporary wireless communication systems. A viable contender for DRA applications, calcium copper titanate (CCTO) is a perovskite-type ceramic material that has attracted a lot of attention because of its high dielectric constant and low loss properties. The stoichiometric composition of CCTO, especially when altered by doping procedures, has a significant impact on its dielectric characteristics. This scoping study methodically examines how different doping elements affect the CCTO stoichiometry and how that affects the DRAs' dielectric characteristics. To improve the electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of CCTO, doping methods including rare-earth metals, transition metals, and alkaline-earth metals are frequently employed. We examine a wide range of research on this topic. The structural integrity, permittivity, loss tangent, and resonance properties of CCTO—all essential for maximizing DRA performance—are examined in relation to these doping factors. There is further discussion of how processing parameters, sintering temperature, and dopant concentration affect the overall behavior of the material. Important results show that CCTO is more appropriate for high-frequency DRA applications when selective doping is used to greatly increase the dielectric constant, reduce the loss tangent, and improve frequency tunability. Better temperature stability, which is essential for reliable operation in real-world wireless systems, is another benefit of doping with certain elements. Additionally, the study points up knowledge gaps on the connection between dopant concentration and DRA performance, especially in reference to the interaction between dielectric resonance and material stoichiometry. In Conclusion, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to optimize the doping procedure in order to fine-tune the CCTO stoichiometry for better DRA performance. Investigations into new dopants, their mechanisms in the CCTO matrix, and the scalability of doping methods for commercial DRA applications should be the main goals of future studies.